Nicotine For Mac
2021年7月8日Download here: http://gg.gg/vb3y1
*Nicotine For Cigar
*Nicotine For Cancer
When most people think of nicotine, they think of smoking cigarettes or other tobacco products. Since tobacco products are linked to various types of cancer (e.g. lung cancer from smoking), many people assume that nicotine is inherently evil. While nicotine is considered one of the most addictive drugs, there isn’t significant evidence supporting the idea that it causes cancer.
While cancer is commonly associated with nicotine due to the fact that nicotine is in cigarettes, this is mostly due to tobacco as well as the upwards of 7,000 chemicals added to these products. When used in the form of a standalone patch, a person is capable of attaining a psychological “buzz” or cognitive enhancement from nicotine, without the dangerous toxins associated with smoking cigarettes.
QUICK SMOKING NOTES. At what temperature to smoke mac and cheese: 225° is the perfect temperature. Set your gas or electric smoker to 225° and if using charcoal/wood smoker, maintain the temperature between 225°-235°. How long does it take to smoke mac and cheese: about an hour and a half. Don’t smoke it for more than 2 hours. Can nicotine treat Parkinson’s disease? Nicotine binds with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The Certification Examination for Nicotine Dependence Specialists (NDS) consists of 200 multiple-choice, objective questions with a total testing time of three hours. The examination tests candidates’ knowledge in the areas of nicotine dependence (30%), counseling (20%), and intervention planning (50%). Nicotine gum can be bought without a prescription. Nicotine gum is a fast-acting form of replacement. Nicotine is taken in through the mucous membrane of the mouth. You can buy it over the counter (without a prescription). It comes in 2 mg and 4 mg strengths. How to use nicotine gum. For best results, follow the instructions in the package. I dunno man, recently I’ve been smoking quite a bit due to quarantine and it helps me stay calm. I’ve just started college and I’m quite stressed because there’s no clarity if I can continue my course due to the pandemic. Its fucking me up a bit but making beats, smoking and listening to Mac keeps me focused.
For this reason, many people resort to smoking cigarettes or even just using nicotine patches as a way to remain calm and focused during cognitively demanding tasks. Nicotine is considered a nootropic and can be used as a “smart drug” to maximize cognitive capacity, plus some evidence suggests that it may act as a neuroprotective agent. Examples of tasks that people have found benefit from using nicotine include: solving complex mathematical equations, taking exams, and technical writing.What is nicotine? + How it works.
Nicotine is considered a parasympathetic alkaloid derived from nightshade plants (Solanaceae). It acts as a stimulant drug, speeding up activity in the central nervous system and brain, giving people increased physical and mental energy. It functions by stimulating the nAChR or “nicotinic acetylcholine receptors” as an agonist, meaning it binds to that receptor and elicits a physiological response associated with that receptor.
There are a couple of exceptions to its nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonism, specifically at the Alpha-9 and Alpha-10 nAChR receptors, where it functions as an antagonist. As a result of agonism at the nAChR receptors, nicotine increases stimulatory neurotransmitters including dopamine. When inhaled as smoke, a monoamine oxidase inhibition effect can be observed as a result of harman and norharman.
Therefore levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin all increase as a result of nicotine usage. Furthermore, nicotine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to a release of epinephrine (adrenaline).Upon inhalation of nicotine, it passes through the blood-brain barrier within 20 seconds. Due to the stimulatory effects and favorable alterations in neurotransmission as a result of nicotine ingestion, many people use it as their drug of choice.
Unfortunately, this lucrative boost in neurotransmitters like dopamine is likely also responsible for its addictive properties.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53018/Hidden Benefits of Nicotine on the Brain
Although nicotine in tobacco is responsible for the cancer, illness, and mortality of millions of people, when used in its pure form, it may hold significant therapeutic value. These benefits have been documented since the early 1990s and research continues to unveil new therapeutic potential.
ADHD: There is evidence dating back to the 1990s suggesting that nicotine may be useful for treating various symptoms of ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder). A placebo-controlled, double blind experiment was conducted in 1996 with 17 adults (6 smokers and 1l nonsmokers) all of whom either had referrals for ADHD or were diagnosed by standard DSM-IV criteria. The 11 smokers ceased from smoking for one night and were given 21 mg per day of a transdermal nicotine patch for 4.5 hours in the morning.
The nonsmokers were administered 7 mg per day of a transdermal nicotine patch for 4.5 hours in the morning. Researchers administered either an “active” patch containing nicotine or a “placebo” patch containing nothing. It was documented that nicotine significantly improved measures on the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale due to the fact that nicotine increased vigor (as recorded by a Profile of Mood States (POMS) test.
Furthermore, nicotine reduced reaction time on a Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and significantly reduced a measure of inattention. Researchers from this study concluded that nicotine deserves further therapeutic investigation for its potential to treat symptoms of ADHD. Research from 2001 compared nicotine’s effect with that of a placebo and methylphenidate (Ritalin) in treating attentional deficits.
A small study of 40 participants demonstrated that administration of nicotine improved performance on an objective computerized attention task and reduced ADHD. A case report documented in 2008 highlighted the fact that an adult diagnosed with ADHD with comorbid anxiety and depression, responded well to transdermal nicotine patches. While the researchers discuss a potential placebo effect, they also speculate that nicotine agonists may be effective new treatments for ADHD.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8741955
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11519638
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2446482/
Antidepressant: Nicotine has been well-documented as eliciting antidepressant effects in both humans and animals. Nicotine’s mechanism of action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is believed to affect neural pathways involved in a person’s mood, resulting in changes after ingestion. In part, nicotine’s effect on the nAChR receptors may help reduce stress, while simultaneously improving mood.
*Brain waves
*Monoamine oxidase inhibition
*Neurotransmission
*Regional activation (Symmetry)
*Stimulation
There are a number of ways by which nicotine may facilitate an antidepressant response in humans. A myriad of nicotine-induced changes such as: altered brain waves, neurotransmitter levels and receptor density changes, different regions becoming active in the brain, as well as increased CNS stimulation – may contribute to the antidepressant effect. Those with depression are often “understimulated” and nicotine exposure may increase their stimulation.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22743591
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15610943
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9746444
Anxiolytic: It is known that nicotine also can decrease levels of anxiety in humans and animals. The way nicotine reduces anxiety is thought to be a result of its ability to modify neural pathways that are heavily responsive to stress and anxiety. That said, the anxiolytic properties of nicotine are difficult to pinpoint, and may be chalked up to a variety of factors.
Nicotine is known to increase alpha waves, or brain waves associated with relaxation – which may help combat feelings of anxiety. Additionally, it has subtle effects as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, leading to decreased breakdown of “feel good” and relaxation-inducing neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
It is important to note that not everyone experiences an anxiolytic effect from nicotine, in fact the substance may provoke anxiety in a certain subset of the population. For most people though, nicotine acts within the lateral septum, dorsal raphe nuclei, mesolimbic dopamine system, and hippocampus to decrease anxiety.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12151749
Brain waves: Oddly enough, nicotine is capable of significantly changing the electrical activity within your brain. Most people during a waking state have predominantly beta brain waves – these are associated with stress and alertness. However, one study hooked EEGs (electroencephalographs) up to tobacco smokers and determined how their brain waves were affected.
It seemed as though tobacco smoking produced significant increases in alpha waves. These increases were noted as being “bilateral” or occurring across both hemispheres of the brain. While it may seem counterintuitive that nicotine may increase alpha waves due to its stimulatory effects, the stimulation is primarily upon the brainstem reticular activating system.
This means that nicotine can put people in a state of creative alertness as alpha waves are associated with creativity. Among those with depression, it is thought that asymmetry in frontal and posterior cortical regions are responsible for the low mood. Transdermal nicotine administration was found to increase bilateral alpha waves rather than solely affecting one hemisphere of the brain.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19765621
Cognitive enhancement: Nicotine has been well-documented for its ability to enhance cognitive function and overall performance. Research published in 2001 highlighted the fact that transdermal nicotine administration in the form of “patches” treated a certain cognitive impairments associated with Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, as well as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Studies conducted on animal models have shown that nicotine significantly boosts working memory with chronic exposure.
*Attention
*Episodic memory
*Learning
*Long-term memory
*Processing speed
*Social cognition
*Working memory
It is believed that nicotine’s ability to enhance cognition may partially result from its stimulation of both the Alpha-4-Beta-2 (A4B2) and Alpha-7 nicotinic receptors. The A4B2 receptor is specifically involved in learning, while the Alpha-7 receptor is primarily involved in long-term memory processes. Researchers have long speculated that novel nicotinic agents should enhance cognitive function in healthy individuals and improve performance among those with impairment.
The NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) was the first to demonstrate that nicotine enhances activation of the parietal cortex, which directly contributes to improvements in attention. They discovered this by comparing brain activity during a “sustained attention task” (rapid-visual information processing) with a lesser demanding “sensorimotor control task.” Researchers discovered that nicotine significantly boosted activation in the occipital cortex during both tasks.
Furthermore, nicotine also increased activity in the parietal cortex during the “sustained attention task,” leading to enhanced performance. Studies dating back to the 1990s demonstrate that nicotine improves attention in a variety of tasks, improves working and long-term memory, and attentional capacity.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230877
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1579636
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23474015
Neurodegenerative diseases: There is mounting evidence to suggest that nicotine may not only prevent development of various neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. dementia), but it may help treat symptoms among those that are already suffering from neurodegeneration. A study published in the year 2000 suggested that nicotinic receptors should be studied for their influence on CNS functions, specifically related to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
*Alzheimer’s: Some studies have suggested that smokers tend to experience Alzheimer’s disease at reduced rates compared to non-smokers. There is some controversy associated with these studies, but it could be that stimulation of the nAChR may prevent age-related decline associated with Alzheimer’s.
*Parkinson’s: There is some evidence to support the idea that nicotine may improve both cognitive performance and motor abilities among individuals with Parkinson’s. Additionally, it is thought that nicotine is capable of increasing processing speed for complex tasks.
As an example, these researchers highlighted nicotinic agonists like ABT-418 due to the fact that it improves both verbal acquisition and retention, while simultaneously decreases information errors. Researchers speculate that nicotinic agonists will be used as an adjunct treatment for those with neurodegenerative diseases.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10812945
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446934
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17147565
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9303280
Neuroprotective agent: Evidence has been suggesting since the 1990s that nicotine may protect the brain from neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Whether it actually is capable of preventing neurodegeneration is subject to significant debate. Even if it doesn’t fully protect against neurodegenerative diseases, it likely has neuroprotective properties.
A few theories emerged in 1996 pertaining to the mechanisms by which nicotine may prevent neurodegeneration. These mechanisms included: reducing estrogen levels, altering production of prostaglandin, and stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the CNS. The theory that most believe is responsible is that of nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) stimulation.
In 1997, it was reported that among individuals with neurodegenerative diseases, there appears to be a significant reductions in the total volume of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Since smoking is the most popular modality of nicotine ingestion, and smokers tend to have decreased incidences of Parkinson’s disease, it should be speculated that nicotine may be neuroprotective, or at least neuroprotective for certain individuals.
A report from 2012 suggests that nicotine administration in animals protects their brain from damage in the nigrostriatal area, a dopaminergic pathway that connects the striatum with the substantia nigra. Another mechanism by which nicotine may protect the brain is by activating intracellular transduction pathways by altering calcium signaling.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8746297
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693036
Neurotransmitter increases: Nicotine is known to affect a variety of neurotransmitters including: dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Being a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, nicotine mimics the effects of acetylcholine in the brain. The alterations made to the brain by nicotine ingestion makes it an appealing drug for many individuals, including those with: ADHD, anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.
Nicotine is known to possess dopaminergic properties, increasing dopmaine levels in the brain, which lead to improved cognitive function. It is also known to increase serotonin levels via its ability to act as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Monoamine oxidase inhibition essentially prevents the enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine – leading to increases in their endogenous levels.
Although it is unknown as to whether long-term nicotine usage is associated with diminishing returns or a “tolerance” to the effects of the neurotransmitter changes, short-term and moderate-term usage clearly elevate their levels. This may lead to mood improvements, superior cognition, and better overall functionality.
Performance enhancement: Many people use nicotine as a performance enhancing drug, whether it be cognitively, physically, or a combination of both. While caffeine remains the most widely-used performance enhancing agent, nicotine is thought to be the second. Professional athletes may use nicotine as a way to increase level of arousal so that it’s within an optimal range, without going overboard; according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, too much stimulation compromises performance.
*Alerting attention
*Fine motor skills
*Memory
*Orienting attention
*Response accuracy
*Response time
One meta-analysis analyzed all placebo-controlled, double-blind studies from 1994 to 2008 regarding nicotine and performance. A total of 41 studies fit the necessary criteria as determined by researchers in that they were double-blind, placebo-controlled, and analyzed nicotine’s effect on human performance. They noted enhanced performance in domains of: memory (working and episodic), alerting attention (accuracy, response, and orienting), and motor abilities.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20414766
Relaxation: Many smokers claim that having a cigarette “relaxes” them. To those that are aware of the stimulatory properties of nicotine, this may sound like nonsense. However, nicotine appears to provide calming effects in a number of ways, including via modification of neurotransmitter levels, particularly dopamine and serotonin.
Additionally it has also been shown that smoking cigarettes increases bilateral alpha waves – brain waves associated with relaxation. That said, research from the 1980s suggests that part of the relaxation-induction as a result of nicotine ingestion is due to the fact that a symptom of nicotine discontinuation is anxiety. By continuing to smoke, the anxiety is lessened and smokers claim to feel more relaxed.
In studies conducted on rats, it was found that nicotine enhances smooth muscle relaxation. This increase may be similar among humans, although it hasn’t been tested.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7086634
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25832423
Schizophrenia: Those with schizophrenia often have severe cognitive deficits or impairment. It is widely established that many individuals with schizophrenia self-medicate with nicotine. One reason for such self-medication is that nicotine may help ameliorate the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, improving a person’s ability to learn, remember, and function.
Specifically, nicotine is thought to help individuals with schizophrenia by its action on Alpha-
https://diarynote.indered.space
*Nicotine For Cigar
*Nicotine For Cancer
When most people think of nicotine, they think of smoking cigarettes or other tobacco products. Since tobacco products are linked to various types of cancer (e.g. lung cancer from smoking), many people assume that nicotine is inherently evil. While nicotine is considered one of the most addictive drugs, there isn’t significant evidence supporting the idea that it causes cancer.
While cancer is commonly associated with nicotine due to the fact that nicotine is in cigarettes, this is mostly due to tobacco as well as the upwards of 7,000 chemicals added to these products. When used in the form of a standalone patch, a person is capable of attaining a psychological “buzz” or cognitive enhancement from nicotine, without the dangerous toxins associated with smoking cigarettes.
QUICK SMOKING NOTES. At what temperature to smoke mac and cheese: 225° is the perfect temperature. Set your gas or electric smoker to 225° and if using charcoal/wood smoker, maintain the temperature between 225°-235°. How long does it take to smoke mac and cheese: about an hour and a half. Don’t smoke it for more than 2 hours. Can nicotine treat Parkinson’s disease? Nicotine binds with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The Certification Examination for Nicotine Dependence Specialists (NDS) consists of 200 multiple-choice, objective questions with a total testing time of three hours. The examination tests candidates’ knowledge in the areas of nicotine dependence (30%), counseling (20%), and intervention planning (50%). Nicotine gum can be bought without a prescription. Nicotine gum is a fast-acting form of replacement. Nicotine is taken in through the mucous membrane of the mouth. You can buy it over the counter (without a prescription). It comes in 2 mg and 4 mg strengths. How to use nicotine gum. For best results, follow the instructions in the package. I dunno man, recently I’ve been smoking quite a bit due to quarantine and it helps me stay calm. I’ve just started college and I’m quite stressed because there’s no clarity if I can continue my course due to the pandemic. Its fucking me up a bit but making beats, smoking and listening to Mac keeps me focused.
For this reason, many people resort to smoking cigarettes or even just using nicotine patches as a way to remain calm and focused during cognitively demanding tasks. Nicotine is considered a nootropic and can be used as a “smart drug” to maximize cognitive capacity, plus some evidence suggests that it may act as a neuroprotective agent. Examples of tasks that people have found benefit from using nicotine include: solving complex mathematical equations, taking exams, and technical writing.What is nicotine? + How it works.
Nicotine is considered a parasympathetic alkaloid derived from nightshade plants (Solanaceae). It acts as a stimulant drug, speeding up activity in the central nervous system and brain, giving people increased physical and mental energy. It functions by stimulating the nAChR or “nicotinic acetylcholine receptors” as an agonist, meaning it binds to that receptor and elicits a physiological response associated with that receptor.
There are a couple of exceptions to its nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonism, specifically at the Alpha-9 and Alpha-10 nAChR receptors, where it functions as an antagonist. As a result of agonism at the nAChR receptors, nicotine increases stimulatory neurotransmitters including dopamine. When inhaled as smoke, a monoamine oxidase inhibition effect can be observed as a result of harman and norharman.
Therefore levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin all increase as a result of nicotine usage. Furthermore, nicotine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to a release of epinephrine (adrenaline).Upon inhalation of nicotine, it passes through the blood-brain barrier within 20 seconds. Due to the stimulatory effects and favorable alterations in neurotransmission as a result of nicotine ingestion, many people use it as their drug of choice.
Unfortunately, this lucrative boost in neurotransmitters like dopamine is likely also responsible for its addictive properties.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526783/
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53018/Hidden Benefits of Nicotine on the Brain
Although nicotine in tobacco is responsible for the cancer, illness, and mortality of millions of people, when used in its pure form, it may hold significant therapeutic value. These benefits have been documented since the early 1990s and research continues to unveil new therapeutic potential.
ADHD: There is evidence dating back to the 1990s suggesting that nicotine may be useful for treating various symptoms of ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder). A placebo-controlled, double blind experiment was conducted in 1996 with 17 adults (6 smokers and 1l nonsmokers) all of whom either had referrals for ADHD or were diagnosed by standard DSM-IV criteria. The 11 smokers ceased from smoking for one night and were given 21 mg per day of a transdermal nicotine patch for 4.5 hours in the morning.
The nonsmokers were administered 7 mg per day of a transdermal nicotine patch for 4.5 hours in the morning. Researchers administered either an “active” patch containing nicotine or a “placebo” patch containing nothing. It was documented that nicotine significantly improved measures on the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale due to the fact that nicotine increased vigor (as recorded by a Profile of Mood States (POMS) test.
Furthermore, nicotine reduced reaction time on a Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and significantly reduced a measure of inattention. Researchers from this study concluded that nicotine deserves further therapeutic investigation for its potential to treat symptoms of ADHD. Research from 2001 compared nicotine’s effect with that of a placebo and methylphenidate (Ritalin) in treating attentional deficits.
A small study of 40 participants demonstrated that administration of nicotine improved performance on an objective computerized attention task and reduced ADHD. A case report documented in 2008 highlighted the fact that an adult diagnosed with ADHD with comorbid anxiety and depression, responded well to transdermal nicotine patches. While the researchers discuss a potential placebo effect, they also speculate that nicotine agonists may be effective new treatments for ADHD.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8741955
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11519638
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2446482/
Antidepressant: Nicotine has been well-documented as eliciting antidepressant effects in both humans and animals. Nicotine’s mechanism of action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is believed to affect neural pathways involved in a person’s mood, resulting in changes after ingestion. In part, nicotine’s effect on the nAChR receptors may help reduce stress, while simultaneously improving mood.
*Brain waves
*Monoamine oxidase inhibition
*Neurotransmission
*Regional activation (Symmetry)
*Stimulation
There are a number of ways by which nicotine may facilitate an antidepressant response in humans. A myriad of nicotine-induced changes such as: altered brain waves, neurotransmitter levels and receptor density changes, different regions becoming active in the brain, as well as increased CNS stimulation – may contribute to the antidepressant effect. Those with depression are often “understimulated” and nicotine exposure may increase their stimulation.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22743591
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15610943
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9746444
Anxiolytic: It is known that nicotine also can decrease levels of anxiety in humans and animals. The way nicotine reduces anxiety is thought to be a result of its ability to modify neural pathways that are heavily responsive to stress and anxiety. That said, the anxiolytic properties of nicotine are difficult to pinpoint, and may be chalked up to a variety of factors.
Nicotine is known to increase alpha waves, or brain waves associated with relaxation – which may help combat feelings of anxiety. Additionally, it has subtle effects as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, leading to decreased breakdown of “feel good” and relaxation-inducing neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
It is important to note that not everyone experiences an anxiolytic effect from nicotine, in fact the substance may provoke anxiety in a certain subset of the population. For most people though, nicotine acts within the lateral septum, dorsal raphe nuclei, mesolimbic dopamine system, and hippocampus to decrease anxiety.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12151749
Brain waves: Oddly enough, nicotine is capable of significantly changing the electrical activity within your brain. Most people during a waking state have predominantly beta brain waves – these are associated with stress and alertness. However, one study hooked EEGs (electroencephalographs) up to tobacco smokers and determined how their brain waves were affected.
It seemed as though tobacco smoking produced significant increases in alpha waves. These increases were noted as being “bilateral” or occurring across both hemispheres of the brain. While it may seem counterintuitive that nicotine may increase alpha waves due to its stimulatory effects, the stimulation is primarily upon the brainstem reticular activating system.
This means that nicotine can put people in a state of creative alertness as alpha waves are associated with creativity. Among those with depression, it is thought that asymmetry in frontal and posterior cortical regions are responsible for the low mood. Transdermal nicotine administration was found to increase bilateral alpha waves rather than solely affecting one hemisphere of the brain.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19765621
Cognitive enhancement: Nicotine has been well-documented for its ability to enhance cognitive function and overall performance. Research published in 2001 highlighted the fact that transdermal nicotine administration in the form of “patches” treated a certain cognitive impairments associated with Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, as well as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Studies conducted on animal models have shown that nicotine significantly boosts working memory with chronic exposure.
*Attention
*Episodic memory
*Learning
*Long-term memory
*Processing speed
*Social cognition
*Working memory
It is believed that nicotine’s ability to enhance cognition may partially result from its stimulation of both the Alpha-4-Beta-2 (A4B2) and Alpha-7 nicotinic receptors. The A4B2 receptor is specifically involved in learning, while the Alpha-7 receptor is primarily involved in long-term memory processes. Researchers have long speculated that novel nicotinic agents should enhance cognitive function in healthy individuals and improve performance among those with impairment.
The NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) was the first to demonstrate that nicotine enhances activation of the parietal cortex, which directly contributes to improvements in attention. They discovered this by comparing brain activity during a “sustained attention task” (rapid-visual information processing) with a lesser demanding “sensorimotor control task.” Researchers discovered that nicotine significantly boosted activation in the occipital cortex during both tasks.
Furthermore, nicotine also increased activity in the parietal cortex during the “sustained attention task,” leading to enhanced performance. Studies dating back to the 1990s demonstrate that nicotine improves attention in a variety of tasks, improves working and long-term memory, and attentional capacity.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230877
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1579636
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23474015
Neurodegenerative diseases: There is mounting evidence to suggest that nicotine may not only prevent development of various neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. dementia), but it may help treat symptoms among those that are already suffering from neurodegeneration. A study published in the year 2000 suggested that nicotinic receptors should be studied for their influence on CNS functions, specifically related to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
*Alzheimer’s: Some studies have suggested that smokers tend to experience Alzheimer’s disease at reduced rates compared to non-smokers. There is some controversy associated with these studies, but it could be that stimulation of the nAChR may prevent age-related decline associated with Alzheimer’s.
*Parkinson’s: There is some evidence to support the idea that nicotine may improve both cognitive performance and motor abilities among individuals with Parkinson’s. Additionally, it is thought that nicotine is capable of increasing processing speed for complex tasks.
As an example, these researchers highlighted nicotinic agonists like ABT-418 due to the fact that it improves both verbal acquisition and retention, while simultaneously decreases information errors. Researchers speculate that nicotinic agonists will be used as an adjunct treatment for those with neurodegenerative diseases.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10812945
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12446934
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17147565
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9303280
Neuroprotective agent: Evidence has been suggesting since the 1990s that nicotine may protect the brain from neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Whether it actually is capable of preventing neurodegeneration is subject to significant debate. Even if it doesn’t fully protect against neurodegenerative diseases, it likely has neuroprotective properties.
A few theories emerged in 1996 pertaining to the mechanisms by which nicotine may prevent neurodegeneration. These mechanisms included: reducing estrogen levels, altering production of prostaglandin, and stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the CNS. The theory that most believe is responsible is that of nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) stimulation.
In 1997, it was reported that among individuals with neurodegenerative diseases, there appears to be a significant reductions in the total volume of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Since smoking is the most popular modality of nicotine ingestion, and smokers tend to have decreased incidences of Parkinson’s disease, it should be speculated that nicotine may be neuroprotective, or at least neuroprotective for certain individuals.
A report from 2012 suggests that nicotine administration in animals protects their brain from damage in the nigrostriatal area, a dopaminergic pathway that connects the striatum with the substantia nigra. Another mechanism by which nicotine may protect the brain is by activating intracellular transduction pathways by altering calcium signaling.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8746297
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22693036
Neurotransmitter increases: Nicotine is known to affect a variety of neurotransmitters including: dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Being a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, nicotine mimics the effects of acetylcholine in the brain. The alterations made to the brain by nicotine ingestion makes it an appealing drug for many individuals, including those with: ADHD, anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.
Nicotine is known to possess dopaminergic properties, increasing dopmaine levels in the brain, which lead to improved cognitive function. It is also known to increase serotonin levels via its ability to act as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Monoamine oxidase inhibition essentially prevents the enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine – leading to increases in their endogenous levels.
Although it is unknown as to whether long-term nicotine usage is associated with diminishing returns or a “tolerance” to the effects of the neurotransmitter changes, short-term and moderate-term usage clearly elevate their levels. This may lead to mood improvements, superior cognition, and better overall functionality.
Performance enhancement: Many people use nicotine as a performance enhancing drug, whether it be cognitively, physically, or a combination of both. While caffeine remains the most widely-used performance enhancing agent, nicotine is thought to be the second. Professional athletes may use nicotine as a way to increase level of arousal so that it’s within an optimal range, without going overboard; according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, too much stimulation compromises performance.
*Alerting attention
*Fine motor skills
*Memory
*Orienting attention
*Response accuracy
*Response time
One meta-analysis analyzed all placebo-controlled, double-blind studies from 1994 to 2008 regarding nicotine and performance. A total of 41 studies fit the necessary criteria as determined by researchers in that they were double-blind, placebo-controlled, and analyzed nicotine’s effect on human performance. They noted enhanced performance in domains of: memory (working and episodic), alerting attention (accuracy, response, and orienting), and motor abilities.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20414766
Relaxation: Many smokers claim that having a cigarette “relaxes” them. To those that are aware of the stimulatory properties of nicotine, this may sound like nonsense. However, nicotine appears to provide calming effects in a number of ways, including via modification of neurotransmitter levels, particularly dopamine and serotonin.
Additionally it has also been shown that smoking cigarettes increases bilateral alpha waves – brain waves associated with relaxation. That said, research from the 1980s suggests that part of the relaxation-induction as a result of nicotine ingestion is due to the fact that a symptom of nicotine discontinuation is anxiety. By continuing to smoke, the anxiety is lessened and smokers claim to feel more relaxed.
In studies conducted on rats, it was found that nicotine enhances smooth muscle relaxation. This increase may be similar among humans, although it hasn’t been tested.
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7086634
*Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25832423
Schizophrenia: Those with schizophrenia often have severe cognitive deficits or impairment. It is widely established that many individuals with schizophrenia self-medicate with nicotine. One reason for such self-medication is that nicotine may help ameliorate the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, improving a person’s ability to learn, remember, and function.
Specifically, nicotine is thought to help individuals with schizophrenia by its action on Alpha-
https://diarynote.indered.space
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